Evaporative Cooling Towers (part 3)

EVAPORATION OF A FLUID INTO GAS

The following discussion is based on the following assumptions:

(1) Inside the water there is no heat exchange;

(2) The water that has decreased in volume, due to the evaporation effect, will be replenished with the same water that has evaporated to the surface.

In virtue of such assumptions it's reasonable to assert that the water temperature doesn't undergo any variations along the different layers of the water itself.

Conduction and convection

The amount of heat that is transferred from air to water by conduction and convection can be expressed by the following law of conduction:
 

DQC = a (tG, DB- tL) dA or, in a fully equivalent manner, according to the definition of specific heat:

DQC = G cp dt = G

The amount of evaporated water at the surface of contact between the two fluids, air and water, depends on the speed of vapor diffusion, that was created from mixing vapor-air . This is located near the interface between the two fluids.
 

According to the law of partial pressure (Dalton's law):

In a volume containing a mixture of several different gases or vapors at a given temperature, the value of the total pressure is the sum of the pressures, where each of the gases or vapors in the mixture components would have exerted separately. If by itself it would occupy the entire volume.

pT = pA + pB + pC + ...

 

In other words, each gas in a mixture contributes with its partial pressure to the total pressure, as if acting independently from all others.
 

For example, the evaporation of water in an environment containing air continues to take place until the vapor produced reaches the required amount to fill the available volume and thus arriving at saturation, at the specific temperature of the environment taken under consideration.
 

The produced vapor exerts a pressure as any other gas; this pressure is called vapor pressure and its value depends only by the fluid temperature. For this reason, the total pressure reached in the container – by which the determined temperature was reached, assumed constant, vaporization stops - at that determined temperature it exceeds the value of the initial pressure by an amount equal to the saturated vapor pressure.
 

Working at normal atmospheric pressures, Dalton's law of partial pressures finds the exact experimental results.

 

The vapor tension or pressure of saturated vapor on the water surface has the same value of saturation pressure (psat) detectable at water temperature (tL).